Indium uptake and accumulation by rice and wheat and health risk associated with their consumption
The increasing use of indium in high-tech industries has inevitably caused its release into the environment. However, knowledge of its environmental fate has been very limited so far. Previously, we found that indium jeopardized phosphate uptake and translocation by inhibiting the accumulation of phosphate transporters PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER1 (PHT1;1/4), responsible for phosphate uptake, and PHOSPHATE1 (PHO1), responsible for phosphate xylem loading (Journal of Hazardous Materials 387: 121983). This study investigates the indium uptake and accumulation by two staple crops, rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and evaluates potential risks associated with their consumption. The results will help provide crucial data for policymaking regarding indium soil contamination and lower the overall environmental risk that society faces. Rice and wheat were grown on three kinds of soil, including acidic soils spiked with a high indium concentration (1.0 mmol kg-1), which is considered the worst-case scenario because high soil acidity promotes indium bioavailability. The health risks to humans, based on their predicted grain consumption, were evaluated using the Hazard Quotient (HQ). The corresponding HQ indicated no adverse effects on human health, even in the worst-case scenario. Therefore, the consumption of rice and wheat grains harvested from indium-contaminated soils probably does not warrant concern for human health. Further field studies are desirable to better elucidate the risks associated with consuming crops grown in indium contaminated soils.